The Open Source Definition 开源定义

The Open Source Definition (开源定义)

Introduction（说明）

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. Thedistribution terms of open-source software must comply with thefollowing criteria:

开放源代码并不仅仅意味着对源代码的访问权。开放源代码软件的发布条款必须满足以下条件：

1. Free Redistribution（自由地再发布）

The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving awaythe software as a component of an aggregate software distributioncontaining programs from several different sources. The license shallnot require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

如果被发布的软件是由不同来源的程序组成的，许可证不得限制任何当事人或组织（party）销售或赠送作为被发布软件成分之一的开放源码软件。许可证不得从此项销售中索取使用费或其它任何费用。

Rationale: By constraining the license torequire free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation to throw awaymany long-term gains in order to make a few short-term sales dollars.If we didn't do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperatorsto defect.

2. Source Code（源代码）

The program must include source code, and must allow distribution insource code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product isnot distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized meansof obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproductioncost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. Thesource code must be the preferred form in which a programmer wouldmodify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed.Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translatorare not allowed.

程序必须包括源代码，必须允许以源代码方式发布、还必须允许以编译后的形式发布。如果产品的某个部分没有与源代码一同发布，那么必须提供通行的、不需要支付合理范围之外的任何费用的手段以获得源代码从网络上免费下载是一种可取的方式。源代码必须是程序员对其进行修改的最佳形式。故意地使源代码变得含混晦涩是不允许的。也不允许给出预处理器或翻译器处理的中间结果。

Rationale: We require access toun-obfuscated source code because you can't evolve programs withoutmodifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we requirethat modification be made easy.

3. Derived Works（派生作品）

The license must allow modifications and derived works, and mustallow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of theoriginal software.

许可证必须允许修改软件和派生软件，并且必须允许它们按照原软件的许可证的条款进行发布。

Rationale: The mere ability to read sourceisn't enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionaryselection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able toexperiment with and redistribute modifications.

4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code（作者的源代码的完整性）

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form onlyif the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the sourcecode for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. Thelicense must explicitly permit distribution of software built frommodified source code. The license may require derived works to carry adifferent name or version number from the original software.

只有在许可证允许与源代码一同发布"补丁文件"（该"补丁文件"以在创建时对程序进行修改为目的）时，许可证才能限制对修改形式的源代码的发布。许可证必须明确地允许发布由修改后的源代码生成的程序。许可证可以要求派生的作品采用不同的名称或不同的版本号以区别于原来的软件。

Rationale: Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, butusers have a right to know who is responsible for the software they areusing. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal right to know whatthey're being asked to support and protect their reputations.

Accordingly, an open-source license must guarantee that source bereadily available, but may require that it be distributed as pristinebase sources plus patches. In this way, "unofficial" changes can bemade available but readily distinguished from the base source.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups（不得歧视任何个人或团体）

The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

许可证不得歧视任何个人或者由多人组成的团体。

Rationale: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process,the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligibleto contribute to open sources. Therefore we forbid any open-sourcelicense from locking anybody out of the process.

Some countries, including the United States, have export restrictionsfor certain types of software. An OSD-conformant license may warnlicensees of applicable restrictions and remind them that they areobliged to obey the law; however, it may not incorporate suchrestrictions itself.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor（不得歧视任何应用领域）

The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the programin a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict theprogram from being used in a business, or from being used for geneticresearch.

许可证不得限制任何人把程序应用于任何领域。例如，不得规定程序不能应用于商业领域或基因研究领域。

Rationale: The major intention of thisclause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from beingused commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, notfeel excluded from it.

7. Distribution of License（许可证的发布）

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom theprogram is redistributed without the need for execution of anadditional license by those parties.

与程序有关的权利必须适用于该程序的任何使用者，并且程序的使用者也不需要为了使用该程序而获得其它许可证的许可。

Rationale: This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product（许可证不能针对于一个产品）

The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program'sbeing part of a particular software distribution. If the program isextracted from that distribution and used or distributed within theterms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program isredistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted inconjunction with the original software distribution.

与程序有关的权利不能由该程序是否作为某个软件产品的一部分来决定。如果程序从那个发布中被抽出来，并且按照程序的许可证的条款进行使用和发布，那么得到该程序的当事人或组织将获得与得到原程序的使用者相同的权利。

Rationale: This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software（许可证不能影响其它软件）

The license must not place restrictions on other software that isdistributed along with the licensed software. For example, the licensemust not insist that all other programs distributed on the same mediummust be open-source software.

许可证不得向与采用它的软件一同发布的其它软件提出任何限制。例如，许可证不能坚持要求在同一媒体上发布的其它程序都是开放源代码软件。

Rationale: Distributors of open-source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software.

Yes, the GPL is conformant with this requirement. Software linked withGPLed libraries only inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, notany software with which they are merely distributed.

10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral（许可证必须是中立的技术）

No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.

许可证不得被断定为个人技术或界面风格

Rationale: This provision is aimedspecifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent inorder to establish a contract between licensor and licensee. Provisionsmandating so-called "click-wrap" may conflict with important methods ofsoftware distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and webmirroring; such provisions may also hinder code re-use. Conformantlicenses must allow for the possibility that (a) redistributionof the software will take place over non-Web channels that do notsupport click-wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues.