Error creating bean ...No WebApplicationContext found

在spring+struts+hibernate的项目中，写了一个employeeSearch的action，在该action中引用了两个类（DAO）：EmployeeBasicInfoDAO和CurrentCompanyDAO。

在struts-congfig.xml文件的action-mapping标签内对action的配置如下：
  <action path="/employeeSearch"
   type="org.springframework.web.struts.DelegatingActionProxy"
   name="Frm029005SearchForm" input="/view/Frm029005.jsp"
   scope="request" validate="true">
   <forward name="success" path="/view/Frm029005.jsp"
    redirect="false" />
  </action>

同时要在spring的applicationContext.xml文件中beans标签内的配置如下：
 <bean id="EmpBasicInfoDAO"
  class="com.ess.dao.common.EmployeeBasicInfoDAO">
  <property name="sessionFactory">
   <ref bean="sessionFactory" />
  </property>
 </bean>
 <bean id="CurrentCmpDAO"
  class="com.ess.dao.common.CurrentCompanyDAO">
  <property name="sessionFactory">
   <ref bean="sessionFactory" />
  </property>
 </bean>

 <bean name="/employeeSearch"
  class="com.ess.struts.action.frm02.EmployeeSearch"
  singleton="false">
  <property name="empBasicInfoDao">
   <ref bean="EmpBasicInfoDAO" />
  </property>
  <property name="cuCmpDao">
   <ref bean="CurrentCmpDAO" />
  </property>
 </bean>

配置好之后，启动tomcat服务器，出现如下错误：

2007-12-08 18:32:41,687 [ERROR] org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn:[main]:229 - Context initialization failed
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name '/employeeSearch' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/classes/applicationContext.xml]: Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?
java.lang.IllegalStateException: No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?
 at org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils.getRequiredWebApplicationContext(WebApplicationContextUtils.java:84)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.DelegatingActionUtils.findRequiredWebApplicationContext(DelegatingActionUtils.java:122)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.initWebApplicationContext(ActionSupport.java:98)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.setServlet(ActionSupport.java:78)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionServletAwareProcessor.postProcessBeforeInitialization(ActionServletAwareProcessor.java:52)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:277)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:395)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:233)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:145)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:283)
 at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:313)
 at org.springframework.web.context.support.AbstractRefreshableWebApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractRefreshableWebApplicationContext.java:139)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.createWebApplicationContext(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:353)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:296)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.init(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:225)
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.initModulePlugIns(ActionServlet.java:869)
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.init(ActionServlet.java:336)
 at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:212)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1139)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:966)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:3956)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4230)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:760)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:740)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:544)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:920)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectories(HostConfig.java:883)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:492)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.start(HostConfig.java:1138)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.lifecycleEvent(HostConfig.java:311)
 at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleSupport.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleSupport.java:120)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1022)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:736)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1014)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:443)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:448)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:700)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:552)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
 at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
 at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:295)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:433)
2007-12-08 18:32:42,140 [ERROR] org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/E0700_Bulas]:[main]:676 - action: null
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name '/employeeSearch' defined in ServletContext resource [/WEB-INF/classes/applicationContext.xml]: Initialization of bean failed; nested exception is java.lang.IllegalStateException: No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?
java.lang.IllegalStateException: No WebApplicationContext found: no ContextLoaderListener registered?
 at org.springframework.web.context.support.WebApplicationContextUtils.getRequiredWebApplicationContext(WebApplicationContextUtils.java:84)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.DelegatingActionUtils.findRequiredWebApplicationContext(DelegatingActionUtils.java:122)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.initWebApplicationContext(ActionSupport.java:98)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionSupport.setServlet(ActionSupport.java:78)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ActionServletAwareProcessor.postProcessBeforeInitialization(ActionServletAwareProcessor.java:52)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.applyBeanPostProcessorsBeforeInitialization(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:277)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.createBean(AbstractAutowireCapableBeanFactory.java:395)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:233)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.AbstractBeanFactory.getBean(AbstractBeanFactory.java:145)
 at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.preInstantiateSingletons(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:283)
 at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:313)
 at org.springframework.web.context.support.AbstractRefreshableWebApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractRefreshableWebApplicationContext.java:139)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.createWebApplicationContext(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:353)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.initWebApplicationContext(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:296)
 at org.springframework.web.struts.ContextLoaderPlugIn.init(ContextLoaderPlugIn.java:225)
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.initModulePlugIns(ActionServlet.java:869)
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.init(ActionServlet.java:336)
 at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:212)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1139)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:966)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:3956)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4230)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:760)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:740)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:544)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:920)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectories(HostConfig.java:883)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:492)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.start(HostConfig.java:1138)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.lifecycleEvent(HostConfig.java:311)
 at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleSupport.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleSupport.java:120)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1022)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:736)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1014)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:443)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:448)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:700)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:552)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
 at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
 at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:295)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:433)
2007-12-08 18:32:42,156 [INFO ] org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/E0700_Bulas]:[main]:647 - サーブレット action を利用不可能にマークします
2007-12-08 18:32:42,156 [ERROR] org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.[Catalina].[localhost].[/E0700_Bulas]:[main]:3958 - サーブレット /E0700_Bulas がload()例外を投げました
javax.servlet.UnavailableException
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.initModulePlugIns(ActionServlet.java:880)
 at org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet.init(ActionServlet.java:336)
 at javax.servlet.GenericServlet.init(GenericServlet.java:212)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.loadServlet(StandardWrapper.java:1139)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardWrapper.load(StandardWrapper.java:966)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.loadOnStartup(StandardContext.java:3956)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.start(StandardContext.java:4230)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:760)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:740)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:544)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:920)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectories(HostConfig.java:883)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployApps(HostConfig.java:492)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.start(HostConfig.java:1138)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.lifecycleEvent(HostConfig.java:311)
 at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleSupport.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleSupport.java:120)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1022)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.start(StandardHost.java:736)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.start(ContainerBase.java:1014)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine.start(StandardEngine.java:443)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService.start(StandardService.java:448)
 at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardServer.start(StandardServer.java:700)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina.start(Catalina.java:552)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
 at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
 at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
 at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:585)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.start(Bootstrap.java:295)
 at org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap.main(Bootstrap.java:433)
2007/12/08 18:32:42 org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11BaseProtocol start
情報: Coyote HTTP/1.1を http-8080 で起動します
2007/12/08 18:32:43 org.apache.jk.common.ChannelSocket init
情報: JK: ajp13 listening on /0.0.0.0:8009
2007/12/08 18:32:43 org.apache.jk.server.JkMain start
情報: Jk running ID=0 time=0/125  config=null
2007/12/08 18:32:43 org.apache.catalina.storeconfig.StoreLoader load
情報: Find registry server-registry.xml at classpath resource
2007/12/08 18:32:43 org.apache.catalina.startup.Catalina start
情報: Server startup in 109515 ms

 

修改spring的applicationContext.xml文件后如下所示：
 <bean id="EmpBasicInfoDAO"
  class="com.ess.dao.common.EmployeeBasicInfoDAO">
  <property name="sessionFactory">
   <ref bean="sessionFactory" />
  </property>
 </bean>
 <bean id="CurrentCmpDAO"
  class="com.ess.dao.common.CurrentCompanyDAO">
  <property name="sessionFactory">
   <ref bean="sessionFactory" />
  </property>
 </bean>

 <bean name="/employeeSearch"
  class="com.ess.struts.action.frm02.EmployeeSearch"
  singleton="false">
  <property name="empBasicInfoDao">
   <ref bean="EmpBasicInfoDAO" />
  </property>
  <property name="cuCmpDao">
   <ref bean="CurrentCmpDAO" />
  </property>
 </bean>

即在"/employeeSearch"这个bean的class中加入singleton="false"

问题解决，服务器正常启动。
但是原因不清楚，谁能帮我解释一下，多谢。