深入ThreadLocal

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ThreadLocal与线程成员变量还有区别,ThreadLocal该类提供了线程局部变量。这个局部变量与一般的成员变量不一样,ThreadLocal的变量在被多个线程使用时候,每个线程只能拿到该变量的一个副本,这是Java API中的描述,通过阅读API源码,发现并非副本,副本什么概念?克隆品? 或者是别的样子,太模糊。

 

准确的说,应该是ThreadLocal类型的变量内部的注册表(Map<Thread,T>)发生了变化,但ThreadLocal类型的变量本身的确是一个,这才是本质!

 

下面就做个例子:

 

一、标准例子

 

定义了MyThreadLocal类,创建它的一个对象tlt,分别给四个线程使用,结果四个线程tlt变量并没有出现共用现象,二是各用各的,这说明,四个线程使用的是tlt的副本(克隆品)。

 

/** 

* 使用了ThreadLocal的类 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:35:27 

*/

 public class MyThreadLocal { 

        //定义了一个ThreadLocal变量,用来保存int或Integer数据 

        private ThreadLocal<Integer> tl = new ThreadLocal<Integer>() { 

                @Override 

                protected Integer initialValue() { 

                        return 0; 

                } 

        }; 


        public Integer getNextNum() { 

                //将tl的值获取后加1,并更新设置t1的值 

                tl.set(tl.get() + 1); 

                return tl.get(); 

        } 

}

 

/** 

* 测试线程 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:39:18 

*/

 public class TestThread extends Thread { 

        private MyThreadLocal tlt = new MyThreadLocal(); 


        public TestThread(MyThreadLocal tlt) { 

                this.tlt = tlt; 

        } 


        @Override 

        public void run() { 

                for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { 

                        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" + tlt.getNextNum()); 

                } 

        } 

}

 

/** 

* ThreadLocal测试 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:43:48 

*/

 public class Test { 

        public static void main(String[] args) { 

                MyThreadLocal tlt = new MyThreadLocal(); 

                Thread t1 = new TestThread(tlt); 

                Thread t2 = new TestThread(tlt); 

                Thread t3 = new TestThread(tlt); 

                Thread t4 = new TestThread(tlt); 

                t1.start(); 

                t2.start(); 

                t3.start(); 

                t4.start(); 


        } 

}

 

可以看出,个线程各自独立编号,互不影响:

Thread-0  1 

Thread-1  1 

Thread-0  2 

Thread-1  2 

Thread-0  3 

Thread-1  3 

Thread-2  1 

Thread-3  1 

Thread-2  2 

Thread-3  2 

Thread-2  3 

Thread-3  3 


Process finished with exit code 0

 

tlt对象是一个,废话tl对象也是一个,因为组合关系是一对一的。但是tl对象内部的Map随着线程的增多,会创建很多Integer对象。只是Integer和int已经通用了。所以感觉不到Integer的对象属性。

 

二、不用ThreadLocal

 

假如不用ThreadLocal,只需要将MyThreadLocal类重新定义为:

/** 

* 使用了ThreadLocal的类 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:35:27 

*/

 public class MyThreadLocal { 

        private Integer t1 = 0; 

        public Integer getNextNum(){ 

                return t1=t1+1; 

        } 




//        //定义了一个ThreadLocal变量,用来保存int或Integer数据 

//        private ThreadLocal<Integer> tl = new ThreadLocal<Integer>() { 

//                @Override 

//                protected Integer initialValue() { 

//                        return 0; 

//                } 

//        }; 

// 

//        public Integer getNextNum() { 

//                //将tl的值获取后加1,并更新设置t1的值 

//                tl.set(tl.get() + 1); 

//                return tl.get(); 

//        } 

}

 

然后运行测试:

Thread-2  1 

Thread-2  2 

Thread-1  4 

Thread-1  6 

Thread-3  3 

Thread-3  9 

Thread-3  10 

Thread-1  8 

Thread-0  7 

Thread-0  11 

Thread-0  12 

Thread-2  5 


Process finished with exit code 0

 

从这里可以看出,四个线程共享了tlt变量,结果每个线程都直接修改tlt的属性。

 

、自己实现个ThreadLocal

 

package com.lavasoft.test2; 


import java.util.Collections; 

import java.util.HashMap; 

import java.util.Map; 


/** 

* 使用了ThreadLocal的类 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:35:27 

*/

 public class MyThreadLocal { 


        //定义了一个ThreadLocal变量,用来保存int或Integer数据 

        private com.lavasoft.test2.ThreadLocal<Integer> tl = new com.lavasoft.test2.ThreadLocal<Integer>() { 

                @Override 

                protected Integer initialValue() { 

                        return 0; 

                } 

        }; 


        public Integer getNextNum() { 

                //将tl的值获取后加1,并更新设置t1的值 

                tl.set(tl.get() + 1); 

                return tl.get(); 

        } 


class ThreadLocal<T> { 

        private Map<Thread, T> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<Thread, T>()); 


        public ThreadLocal() { 

        } 


        protected T initialValue() { 

                return null

        } 


        public T get() { 

                Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); 

                T obj = map.get(t); 

                if (obj == null && !map.containsKey(t)) { 

                        obj = initialValue(); 

                        map.put(t, obj); 

                } 

                return obj; 

        } 


        public void set(T value) { 

                map.put(Thread.currentThread(), value); 

        } 


        public void remove() { 

                map.remove(Thread.currentThread()); 

        } 

}

 

运行测试:

Thread-0  1 

Thread-0  2 

Thread-0  3 

Thread-2  1 

Thread-2  2 

Thread-3  1 

Thread-2  3 

Thread-3  2 

Thread-1  1 

Thread-3  3 

Thread-1  2 

Thread-1  3 


Process finished with exit code 0

 

很意外,这个山寨版的ThreadLocal也同样运行很好,实现了JavaAPI中ThreadLocal的功能。

 

四、透过现象看本质

 

其实从程序角度看,tlt变量的确是一个,毫无疑问的。但是为什么打印出来的数字就互不影响呢?

是因为使用了Integer吗?-----不是。

原因是:protected T initialValue()和get(),因为每个线程在调用get()时候,发现Map中不存在就创建。调用它的时候,就创建了一个新变量,类型为T。每次都新建,当然各用个的互不影响了。

为了看清本质,将Integer换掉,重写部分类:

 

package com.lavasoft.test2; 


import java.util.Collections; 

import java.util.HashMap; 

import java.util.Map; 


/** 

* 使用了ThreadLocal的类 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:35:27 

*/

 public class MyThreadLocal { 


        //定义了一个ThreadLocal变量,用来保存int或Integer数据 

        //        private ThreadLocal<Bean> tl = new ThreadLocal<Bean>() { 

        private com.lavasoft.test2.ThreadLocal<Bean> tl = new com.lavasoft.test2.ThreadLocal<Bean>() { 

                @Override 

                protected Bean initialValue() { 

                        return new Bean(); 

                } 

        }; 


        @Override 

        public String toString() { 

                return "MyThreadLocal{" + 

                                "tl=" + tl + 

                                '}'; 

        } 


        public Bean getBean() { 

                return tl.get(); 

        } 



class ThreadLocal<T> { 

        private Map<Thread, T> map = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap<Thread, T>()); 


        public ThreadLocal() { 

        } 


        protected T initialValue() { 

                return null

        } 


        public T get() { 

                Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); 

                T obj = map.get(t); 

                if (obj == null && !map.containsKey(t)) { 

                        obj = initialValue(); 

                        map.put(t, obj); 

                } 

                return obj; 

        } 


        public void set(T value) { 

                map.put(Thread.currentThread(), value); 

        } 


        public void remove() { 

                map.remove(Thread.currentThread()); 

        } 

}

 

package com.lavasoft.test2; 


/** 

* 测试Bean 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 14:18:26 

*/

 public class Bean { 

        private String id = "0"

        private String name = "none"


        public Bean() { 

        } 


        public Bean(String id, String name) { 

                this.id = id; 

                this.name = name; 

        } 


        public String getId() { 

                return id; 

        } 


        public void setId(String id) { 

                this.id = id; 

        } 


        public String getName() { 

                return name; 

        } 


        public void setName(String name) { 

                this.name = name; 

        } 


        public String showinfo() { 

                return "Bean{" + 

                                "id='" + id + '\'' + 

                                ", name='" + name + '\'' + 

                                '}'; 

        } 

}

 

package com.lavasoft.test2; 


/** 

* 测试线程 

* @author leizhimin 2010-1-5 10:39:18 

*/

 public class TestThread extends Thread { 

        private MyThreadLocal tlt = new MyThreadLocal(); 


        public TestThread(MyThreadLocal tlt) { 

                this.tlt = tlt; 

        } 


        @Override 

        public void run() { 

                System.out.println(">>>>>:" + tlt); 

                for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++) { 

                        System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "\t" +tlt.getBean()+"\t"+tlt.getBean().showinfo()); 

                } 

        } 

}

 

然后运行测试:

>>>>>:MyThreadLocal{tl=com.lavasoft.test2.MyThreadLocal$1@1de3f2d} 

>>>>>:MyThreadLocal{tl=com.lavasoft.test2.MyThreadLocal$1@1de3f2d} 

>>>>>:MyThreadLocal{tl=com.lavasoft.test2.MyThreadLocal$1@1de3f2d} 

>>>>>:MyThreadLocal{tl=com.lavasoft.test2.MyThreadLocal$1@1de3f2d} 

Thread-1  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-2  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@fe64b9  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-3  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@186db54  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-2  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@fe64b9  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-2  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@fe64b9  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-0  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-3  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@186db54  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-3  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@186db54  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-1  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-0  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-0  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 

Thread-1  com.lavasoft.test2.Bean@291aff  Bean{id='0', name='none'} 


Process finished with exit code 0

 

从打印结果很清楚的看到,MyThreadLocal的tlt对象的确是一个,tlt对象里的ThreadLocal的tl对象也是一个,但是,将t1t给每个线程用的时候,线程会重新创建Bean对象加入到ThreadLocal的Map中去使用。

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