TCP Connection Termination

• SYN: A synchronize message, used to initiate and establish a connection. It is so named since one of its functions is to synchronizes sequence numbers between devices. 
  
  
• FIN: A finish message, which is a TCP segment with the FIN bit set, indicating that a device wants to terminate the connection. 
  
  
• ACK: An acknowledgment, indicating receipt of a message such as a SYN or a FIN.

Again, I have not shown every possible transition, just the ones normally followed in the life of a connection. Error conditions also cause transitions but including these would move us well beyond a “simplified” state machine. The FSM is also illustrated in Figure 210, which you may find easier for seeing how state transitions occur.

Table 151: TCP Finite State Machine (FSM) States, Events and Transitions

State

State Description

Event and Transition

CLOSED

This is the default state that each connection starts in before the process of establishing it begins. The state is called “fictional” in the standard. The reason is that this state represents the situation where there is no connection between devices—it either hasn't been created yet, or has just been destroyed. If that makes sense. J

Passive Open: A server begins the process of connection setup by doing a passive open on a TCP port. At the same time, it sets up the data structure (transmission control block or TCB) needed to manage the connection. It then transitions to the LISTEN state.

Active Open, Send SYN: A client begins connection setup by sending a SYN message, and also sets up a TCB for this connection. It then transitions to the SYN-SENT state.

LISTEN

A device (normally a server) is waiting to receive a synchronize (SYN) message from a client. It has not yet sent its own SYN message.

Receive Client SYN, Send SYN+ACK: The server device receives aSYN from a client. It sends back a message that contains its own SYNand also acknowledges the one it received. The server moves to theSYN-RECEIVED state.

SYN-SENT

The device (normally a client) has sent a synchronize (SYN) message and is waiting for a matching SYN from the other device (usually a server).

Receive SYN, Send ACK: If the device that has sent its SYN message receives a SYN from the other device but not an ACK for its own SYN, it acknowledges the SYN it receives and then transitions to SYN-RECEIVED to wait for the acknowledgment to its SYN.

Receive SYN+ACK, Send ACK: If the device that sent the SYNreceives both an acknowledgment to its SYN and also a SYN from the other device, it acknowledges the SYN received and then moves straight to the ESTABLISHED state.

SYN-RECEIVED

The device has both received a SYN (connection request) from its partner and sent its own SYN. It is now waiting for an ACK to its SYN to finish connection setup.

Receive ACK: When the device receives the ACK to the SYN it sent, it transitions to the ESTABLISHED state.

ESTABLISHED

The “steady state” of an open TCP connection. Data can be exchanged freely once both devices in the connection enter this state. This will continue until the connection is closed for one reason or another.

Close, Send FIN: A device can close the connection by sending a message with the FIN (finish) bit sent and transition to the FIN-WAIT-1state.

Receive FIN: A device may receive a FIN message from its connection partner asking that the connection be closed. It will acknowledge this message and transition to the CLOSE-WAIT state.

CLOSE-WAIT

The device has received a close request (FIN) from the other device. It must now wait for the application on the local device to acknowledge this request and generate a matching request.

Close, Send FIN: The application using TCP, having been informed the other process wants to shut down, sends a close request to the TCP layer on the machine upon which it is running. TCP then sends a FIN to the remote device that already asked to terminate the connection. This device now transitions to LAST-ACK.

LAST-ACK

A device that has already received a close request and acknowledged it, has sent its own FIN and is waiting for an ACK to this request.

Receive ACK for FIN: The device receives an acknowledgment for its close request. We have now sent our FIN and had it acknowledged, and received the other device's FIN and acknowledged it, so we go straight to the CLOSED state.

FIN-WAIT-1

A device in this state is waiting for an ACK for a FIN it has sent, or is waiting for a connection termination request from the other device.

Receive ACK for FIN: The device receives an acknowledgment for its close request. It transitions to the FIN-WAIT-2 state.

Receive FIN, Send ACK: The device does not receive an ACK for its own FIN, but receives a FIN from the other device. It acknowledges it, and moves to the CLOSING state.

FIN-WAIT-2

A device in this state has received an ACK for its request to terminate the connection and is now waiting for a matching FIN from the other device.

Receive FIN, Send ACK: The device receives a FIN from the other device. It acknowledges it and moves to the TIME-WAIT state.

CLOSING

The device has received a FIN from the other device and sent an ACKfor it, but not yet received an ACK for its own FIN message.

Receive ACK for FIN: The device receives an acknowledgment for its close request. It transitions to the TIME-WAIT state.

TIME-WAIT

The device has now received a FIN from the other device and acknowledged it, and sent its own FIN and received an ACK for it. We are done, except for waiting to ensure the ACK is received and prevent potential overlap with new connections. (See the topic describing connection termination for more details on this state.)

Timer Expiration: After a designated wait period, device transitions to the CLOSED state.

转自：http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_TCPOperationalOverviewandtheTCPFiniteStateMachineF-2.htm#Table_151